[Previous Page] [Next Page]
[Table

Airborne Trailblazer

Source Notes Chapter 5:
"The Best That We Can Do"
Training the Microbust Windshear

  1. AAC/ARTS Evaluation of NASA Wind Shear Program, 1992, document from files of Roland Bowles, manager, NASA Wind Shear Program.
  2. Low Altitude Wind Shear and Its Hazard to Aviation, Report of the Committee on Low-Altitude Wind Shear and Its Hazard to Aviation, (Washington: National Academy Press, 1983), 14-15; Roland L. Bowles, "Windshear Detection and Avoidance: Airborne Systems Survey," IEEE, (Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Decision and Control, Honolulu Hawaii, December 1990), 708; Michael S. Lewis, et al., "Design and Conduct of a Windshear Detection Flight Experiment," AIAA Paper 92-4092, 1992, 2.
  3. James Ott, "Inquiry Focuses on Wind Shear As Cause of Delta L-1011 Crash," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 12 August 1985, 16-19; "Delta Accident Report Focuses On Wind Shear Research," reprint of NTSB accident report on the 2 August 1985 Delta Flight 191 crash, part 4, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 24 November 1986, 73-75; "Safety Board Analyzes Responses to Weather Data," reprint of NTSB accident report on the 2 August 1985 Delta Flight 191 crash, part 7, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 15 December 1986, 103-107.
  4. Low-Altitude Wind Shear, ix, 1; Eugene Kozicharow, "NTSB Cites Wind Shear In New Orleans Accident," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 28 March, 1983, 32.
  5. William H. Gregory, "Too Little and Too Late," editorial, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 12 August 1985, 11; Herbert J. Coleman, "Administration Criticized for Delay In Wind Shear Research, Terminal Radar Buy," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 23 September 1985, 29; "Engen Defends Air Transport System in Senate Testimony," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 7 October 1985, 30; A. Gary Price, interview with author, Hampton, Virginia, 13 May 1993; Roland L. Bowles, manager, Wind Shear Program Office, interview with author, Hampton, Virginia, 12 May 1993.
  6. Low-Altitude Wind Shear, 11-12, 14-16.
  7. T. Theodore Fujita, "Spearhead Echo and Downburst Near the Approach End of a John F. Kennedy Airport Runway, New York City," Satellite and Mesometeorology Research Project, SMRP Paper 137, University of Chicago, March 1976; Low-Altitude Wind Shear, 11-12, 20- 21.
  8. Viewgraphs and public information on microburst wind shear from NASA Wind Shear Program Office files; Low-Altitude Wind Shear, 19-32.
  9. Low Altitude Wind Shear, 33-37; "Wind-Shear Detection Technology Examined in 727 Accident Report, reprint of NTSB report on the 31 May 1984 United Airlines Flight 663 accident, part 4, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 7 October 1985, 89-91. NTSB Report reprint, "Delta Accident Report," 73.
  10. Low Altitude Wind Shear, 16-18.
  11. Bowles, interview, 12 May 1993; Bowles, "Windshear Detection," 719.
  12. Low-Altitude Wind Shear, 1; Bowles, "Windshear Detection," 710.
  13. Kozicharow, "NTSB Cites Wind Shear," 32.
  14. Low-Altitude Wind Shear, ix; "Wind Shear Study," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 28 March 1983, 32.
  15. Low-Altitude Wind Shear, 1, 81-82.
  16. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, 14 CFR Parts 121 and 135, "Airborne Low-Altitude Windshear Equipment and Training Requirements; Notice of Proposed Rulemaking," Federal Register, Vol 52, No. 1041 June 1987, Docket No. 19110; Notice No. 79-11A, 20564.
  17. Bowles, "Windshear Detection," 710; Ott, "Inquiry Focuses on Wind Shear," 16; "Safety Board Analyzes Responses," NTSB Report Reprint, 103.
  18. Price, interview, 13 May 1993; Dr. Jeremiah F. Creedon, interview with author, Hampton, Virginia, 7 May 1993; George C. "Cliff" Hay, manager, FAA Wind Shear program office, phone interview with author, 13 July 1993; Bowles, interview, 12 May 1993.
  19. "NTSB Recommends Upgraded Training, Reporting to Avoid Wind Shear," reprint of NTSB report on 2 August 1985 Delta Airlines Flight 191 accident, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 2 February 1987, 96; Hay, interview, 13 July 1993.
  20. Hay, interview, 13 July 1993, George C. "Cliff" Hay, "Overview of the Integrated Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Wind Shear Program Plan," SAE Technical Paper 861702, (paper, presented at the Aerospace Technology Conference and Exposition, Long Beach, California, 13-16 October 1986).
  21. Hay, "Overview of Integrated Program," 62-64.
  22. Bowles, interview, 12 May 1993; "Memorandum of Agreement Between Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Concerning Airborne Windshear Detection and Avoidance Program," DTFA01-86-Z-02018, 24 July 1986, (from ATOPS office files).
  23. Michael S. Lewis, deputy manager, NASA wind shear program office, interview with author, Hampton, Virginia, 7 May 1993; Bowles, interview, 12 May 1993; Bowles, "Windshear Detection," 708.
  24. FAA, "Airborne Windshear Equipment" NPRM, 20564-20565, 20570; "Airborne Infrared System Provides Advance Warning of Turbulence," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 19 June 1989, 130; Hay, interview, 13 July 1993; Bowles, interview, 12 May 1993;
  25. Low-Altitude Wind Shear," 1.
  26. Kozicharow, "NTSB Cites Wind Shear," 32.
  27. Bowles, "Windshear Detection," 710.
  28. Bowles, interview, 12 May 1993; Bowles, "Windshear Detection," 724.
  29. Bowles, interview, 12 May 1993; Lewis, interview, 7 May 1993; Bowles, "Windshear Detection," 712- 715, 724; "'F-Factor' to Warn Pilots of Wind Shear Severity," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 7 September 1992, 147.
  30. Bowles, "Windshear Detection," 711.
  31. "Safety Board Analyzes Responses," NTSB report reprint, 103.
  32. Low-Altitude Wind Shear, 44-45.
  33. "Memorandum of Agreement," 24 July 1986.
  34. Information on all three forward-looking candidate systems was gathered from: Low-Altitude Wind Shear, 43-46; Bowles, "Windshear Detection," 716-724; Bowles, interview, 12 May 1993; Lewis, interview, 7 May 1993; Nasa Facts 176, "Making the Skies Safe From Windshear, June 1992; Viewgraphs from the wind shear program office files, Langley Research Center.
  35. Lewis, et al., "Design and Conduct of an Experiment," 3; William B. Scott, "NASA Flies 737 Through Microbursts in Wind Shear Flight Research Effort," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 16/23 December 1991, 46; Bowles, interview, 12 May 1993; Lewis, interview, 7 May 1993.
  36. Bowles, "Windshear Detection," 719.
  37. Lewis, et al., "Design and Conduct of an Experiment," 3.
  38. Memorandum of Agreement, "For Airborne Windshear Advanced Technology Operational Program," FAA/NASA Interagency Agreement No. DTFA01-90-Z-02021, 31 May 1990.
  39. Lewis, et al., "Design and Conduct of an Experiment," 4-6.
  40. Lewis, interview, 7 May 1993.
  41. Lewis et al., "Design and Conduct of an Experiment," 4-6; Lewis, interview, 7 May 1993; Michael S. Lewis, phone interview with author, 15 July 1993; Viewgraphs from NASA Wind Shear Program Office files.
  42. Lewis, et al., "Design and Conduct of an Experiment," 3, 6-8; Lewis, interview, 7 May 1993; Lee H. Person, interview with author, Hampton, Virginia, 14 May 1993; Scott, "NASA 737 Flies Through Microbursts," 46-47; video footage and photographic records of 1991 Orlando and Denver flight tests, from NASA Wind Shear Program Office files.
  43. Creedon, interview, 7 May 1993; Bowles, interview, 12 May 1993;
  44. Artie D. Jessup, phone interview with author, 16 July 1993; Creedon, interview, 7 May 1993; Bowles, interview, 12 May 1993.
  45. Bruce D. Nordwall, "Modified Doppler Detects Wind Shear More Reliably," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 7 September 1992, 143-151; Michael Finneran, "Burst- Busters," NASA Magazine, Winter 1993, 18-22; Bowles, interview, 12 May 1993; Lewis, interview, 7 May 1993; Creedon, interview, 7 May 1993.
  46. Michael S. Lewis, phone interview with author, 16 July 1993; Bowles, interview, 12 May 1993; Hay, interview, 13 July 1993; Lewis, interview, 7 May 1993; Philip J. Klass, "New Airborne Radar Shows Promise of Detecting Dangerous Microbursts," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 10 February 1992, 44-45; Nordwall, "Modified Doppler," 143-151.
  47. AAC/ARTS Evaluation of NASA Wind Shear Program, 1992.
  48. Creedon, interview, 7 May 1993.

[Previous Page] [Next Page]
[Table