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Airborne Trailblazer

Source Notes Chapter 1:
NASA, Industry, and Technology: The Complex Nature of Progress

  1. Executive Office of the President, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Aeronautical Research and Technology Policy, Vol. I: Summary Report,, (Washington, D.C., November 1982), 13.
  2. Hans Mark and Arnold Levine, The Management of Research Institutions: A Look at Government Laboratories, NASA SP-481, (Washington, D.C., 1984), 265.
  3. The Denver Research Institute, "NASA Partnership with Industry: Enhancing Technology Transfer," , NASA- CR-180-163, July 1983, x.
  4. Daniel P. Kaplan, Using Federal R&D to Promote Commercial Innovation, (Washington, D.C.: Congress of the United States Congressional Budget Office, 1988), 22-23.
  5. Aeronautical Research and Technology Policy, 1-11.
  6. The phrase "technology development" has a number of different connotations for professionals involved in aeronautical research. In this chapter, and throughout the book unless otherwise specified, I use it only to describe the process of researching a concept to the point where a workable, test-ready piece of technology exists. I do not mean the process of developing a piece of technology to a point where it is ready for commercial application, which is a different matter.
  7. Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, "Report of the White House Science Council, Federal Laboratory Review Panel," (Washington, D.C., May 1983), 11.
  8. Herbert J. Coleman, "National Research Policy Aimed to Bolster Aviation," Aviation Week & Space Technology,15 November 1982, 22; same idea also contained in: Aeronautical Research and Technology Policy, 9.
  9. Kaplan, Using Federal R&D, 10; Delmar Fadden, Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, interview with author, Seattle, Washington, 27 April 1993; William E. Howell, interview with author, Hampton, Virginia, 6 April 1993.
  10. Executive Office of the President, Office of Science and Technology Policy, National Aeronautical R&D Goals: Agenda for Achievement, report of the Aeronautical Policy Review Committee, (Washington, D.C. February 1987), 2.
  11. Testimony before a House subcommittee on technology and competitiveness, as quoted in: Christopher P. Fotos, "Industry Experts Say NASA Must Devote More Resources to Civil Aeronautics," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 24 February 1992, 42; Robert S. Ames, "U.S. Must Understand the Link Between R&D and the Economy," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 12 October 1987, 149-50; Aeronautical Research and Technology Policy, 15.
  12. Office of Science and Technology Policy, National Aeronautical R&D Goals,3; Denver Research Institute, "NASA Partnership with Industry," Appendix A-1, A-3, C-1; Ames, "R&D and the Economy," 149-150; "First Steps Toward Competitiveness," editorial, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 16 September 1991, 9; David F. Bond and Patricia A. Gilmartin, "Industry Collaboration Grows for Technology Development," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 16 September, 1991, 20-23; Christopher P. Fotos, "Industry Experts Say NASA Must Devote More Resources to Civil Aeronautics," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 24 February, 1992, 42.
  13. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed., Foundations of the Unity of Science Series: Vol. 2, No. 2, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), Chapter 11; Thomas P. Hughes, American Genesis: A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm, 1870-1970, (New York: Viking Penguin, 1989), 446-472; Derek J. de S. Price, Little Science, Big Science, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963, 10, 29, as quoted in: Arnold Pacey, The Culture of Technology, (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1983), 13, also 3-18.
  14. Mark and Levine, Research Institutions, 3-4; Hughes, American Genesis, 446-472; Pacey, Culture of Technology, 13-34.
  15. Mark and Levine, Research Institutions, 5.
  16. Hughes, American Genesis, 71-74.
  17. Samuel A. Morello, interview with author, Hampton, Virginia, 8 April 1993; David Hughes, "Glass Cockpit Study Reveals Human Factors Problems," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 7 August 1989, 32-36; David Hughes, "Pilots, Research Studies Give Mixed Reviews to Glass Cockpits," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 23 March 1992, 50-51; Breck W. Henderson, "NASA Ames Pushes Automation Toward Human-Centered Design," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 23 March 1992, 69-70.
  18. The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, as quoted in the Denver Research Institute, "NASA Partnership with Industry," Appendix, B-1.
  19. "The NASA Program of Industrial Applications," (Address by Louis B. C. Fong, Director, Office of Technology Utilization, NASA, at the Third National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space, Chicago, Illinois, 8 May 1963), from NASA Historical Archive files.
  20. TRW Electronics & Defense/Quest, Winter, 1982-1983, p. 65, as quoted in: the Denver Research Institute, "NASA Partnership with Industry," xx.
  21. Kuhn, Scientific Revolutions; Joel Arthur Barker, Future Edge: Discovering the New Paradigms of Success, (New York: William Morrow & Company, 1992).
  22. Hughes, American Genesis, 456-61; Barker, Future Edge, 140-149.
  23. Al Ries and Jack Trout, Marketing Warfare, (New York: Penguin Books USA Inc., 1986) 83-99; Kuhn, Scientific Revolutions; Barker, Future Edge, 55-70; R.P. Schmitt, et al., "Technology Transfer Primer," Wisconsin University-Milwaukee, Center for Urban Transportation Studies, FHWA/TS-84/226, July 1985, 3; Howell, interview, 6 April 1993.
  24. Discussed in numerous interviews, but at length in: Howell, interview, 6 April 1993.
  25. Denver Research Institute, "NASA Partnership with Industry," Appendix, D-3; William D. Mace and William E. Howell, "Integrated Controls for a New Aircraft Generation, Astronautics & Aeronautics, Vol. 16, No. 3, March 1978, 48-53; R.P. Schmitt, et al., "Technology Transfer Primer," 4.
  26. James Ott, "White House Calls for Changes in Procurement Procedures," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 25 November 1985, 28; Robert Dunn and H.W. Withington, Boeing Commercial Airplane Company (retired), interview with author, Seattle, Washington, 27 April 1993; Alan Mulally, Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, interview with author, Seattle, Washington, 28 April 1993; John Warner, Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, interview with author, Seattle, Washington, 27 April 1993; Thomas Walsh, interview with author, Hampton, Virginia, 6 April 1993.
  27. Dr. Jeremiah F. Creedon, et al., "NASA Technology Transfer," report of the Technology Transfer Team, 21 December 1992.
  28. Creedon, et al., "NASA Technology," 14a; Leo S. Packer, "Proposal for Enhancing NASA Technology Transfer to Civil Systems," 26 September 1969, (unpublished document, from NASA Historical Archives), 20; Denver Research Institute, "NASA Partnership with Industry," x - xix, Appendix D-5; Schmitt, et al., "Technology Transfer Primer," introduction, 1, 5; "Government Focus on Data Transfer to Industry Urged," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 23 July 1984, 131; Kaplan, Using Federal R&D, 49; Warner, interview, 27 April 1993; Howell, interview, 6 April 1993; Fadden, interview, 27 April 1993; Anthony A. Lambregts, Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, interview with author, Seattle, Washington, 26 April 1993.
  29. Howell, interview, 6 April 1993; Jeremiah F. Creedon, interview with author, Hampton, Virginia, 5 April 1993; Warner, interview, 27 April 1993; Fadden, interview, 27 April 1993.
  30. H.W. Withington to John P. Reeder, Letter, 6 June 1979 (from the ATOPS office files)
  31. Daniel S. Goldin, comments upon the release of the Special Initiatives Team on Technology Transfer report, from NASA News press release dated 8 January 1993.

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